Let us recall two very famous sayings of Warren Edward Buffett, an American investor, business tycoon, and philanthropist.
1) If you like spending six to eight hours a week working on picking your investments, you might as well do it. But you might not be fortunate enough to spend so many hours on finding the perfect stock. So if you don’t have time, then dollar-cost averaging into index funds is your best shot.
2) If your returns will be 7 to 8%, and you end up paying 1% towards fees, it makes an enormous difference in the amount of money you will have with you when you retire.
If you didn’t understand the above two quotes, don’t worry. We will start with the basics.
What is an index fund, anyway?
An index fund is comparable with a mutual fund that provides returns consistent with the market index. As the Standard & Poor 500 is an index in the United States, India has two benchmark indices. They are BSE Sensex and NSE Nifty. The sums of money of the investors are allocated systematically to all the securities that constitute a particular market index. It is as if the index fund is mimicking or mirroring the returns of the market index.
To explain the concept of index funds better, imagine you have saved money to invest in stocks. But you happen to be a beginner at stock investing and don’t have the time to identify multibaggers. What if you could still invest in all the blue-chip stocks listed on the exchange, which constitutes the index? That is what index funds do for you. With how-much-ever money you decide to invest, you can safely invest it in index funds, provided it meets the minimum investment amount of the fund. The fund manager will allocate your invested amount to the companies forming a part of the index – and all this will be done on your behalf by your fund manager, without you having to go through the efforts of doing it yourself.
So what is index fund investing?
The people who allocate their money to index funds believe that it is challenging and rather improbable for a single stock to beat the performance of a market index. They believe that the market will outmatch every stock in the long term, making it a more substantial bet. Index fund investing is more manageable and is especially recommended for beginners. There is no need to consistently time the market or even read charts to analyze the portfolio technically. One does not have to read quarterly financials and update portfolio constituents themselves. Index fund investing is simply purchasing the index, i.e., all the stocks in the index. You can decide whether your investment is short-term or long-term and make decisions accordingly.
How do index funds work?
Suppose HDFC Bank Ltd. has a weightage of 11% in Nifty 50. To replicate the returns of this market index, a Nifty 50 Index Fund will also allocate 11% of its portfolio to HDFC Bank Ltd. And this fund will only invest in the 50 companies that constitute the index. As and when the constitution of the index changes, the fund managers also make adequate changes to the portfolio. Hence, an index fund is passively managed.
As index funds are passively managed, there is a very significant advantage associated with them. These funds do not contain the risk of being influenced by the decisions of the fund managers. This way, the returns generated by the fund are never affected by wrong fund manager decisions. Hence, you make money whenever the index moves in your favor.
Advantages of index funds
Let us understand how investing in index funds can make your life more comfortable.
1) Reduced expenses
A typical mutual fund has to incur several expenses – salaries of research analysts and trade advisors, transaction costs, and other charges associated with taking a trading position. What happens as a result of these exorbitant expenses? Investors receive lesser income on their investments as a part of their income is apportioned towards meeting the running expenses of the fund.
But, a passively managed fund like an index fund incurs substantially fewer expenses. As the fund is designed to replicate a market index, hiring advisors, researchers, and analysts is no requisite. Furthermore, portfolio churning is not frequent. Hence, transaction costs like brokerage and taxes are reduced.
Passive management benefits investors by providing better returns. Remember, the objective of an index fund is not to beat the market. It does not need to incur expenses to have a chance at overtaking the market. Instead, an index fund aims to achieve the same return rate and risk rate as the market. So you grow when the market grows.
2) Diversification of portfolio
Diversification is crucial because investors do not risk losing all of their money due to a wrong investment decision. When you allocate small amounts to different securities, you no longer have to bear that risk. Index fund investing is the most economical way of diversifying funds into an index.
Index funds provide stability to investors. It works excellent for long-term portfolios, generally seven years or more, but that is a personal choice. Be careful of the tracking error of your fund, i.e., the difference in the return of the fund and the market index. The fund manager must work towards bridging the gap and providing increased returns to investors.
Final takeaways
An index fund is a great mechanism available to investors who want to invest in equities without taking a high quantum of risk. It provides consistent returns and does not require the investor to devote time to investment management. They are liquid and hence support both short-term and long-term investors. But before you invest in index funds, understand your objectives and define your goals. If possible, set your investment tenure so that you have a clear idea in your mind. Understand that even though these funds do not carry the possibility of earning prodigious returns by overhauling the index, they give consistent returns over time.
