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Buying a futures contract is essentially the same as purchasing several units of stock from the cash market with a key difference: in the case of buying futures, you don't take immediate delivery.
Let us look at future trading basics and ways to go about futures trading.
It is important to understand the definition of a future. Futures are a financial contract that obligates the buyer to purchase an asset or the seller to sell an asset at a pre-determined future date and a pre-determined price.
What Is Futures Trading?
Futures trading involves the buying and selling of standardised contracts that obligate the buyer to purchase or the seller to sell, an underlying asset at a predetermined price on a future date. These contracts can be based on commodities like oil, gold, or agricultural products, as well as financial instruments like stock indices or currencies.
Futures trading is widely used for hedging and speculation. Hedgers, such as farmers or manufacturers, use futures to protect against price fluctuations, ensuring stable costs or revenue. Speculators trade futures to profit from price changes, taking on higher risks.
Traded on regulated exchanges, futures require a margin deposit as collateral. Prices fluctuate based on market dynamics, offering high leverage, but also significant risk, making it essential for traders to have a solid strategy and risk management.
How Futures Trading is Different From Other Financial Instruments?
Futures don't have inherent value on their own. Their price is derived from an underlying asset (such as stocks, commodities, or indices). These derivatives are contracts on the aforementioned assets.
Futures are standardised contracts that require settlement (either through physical delivery or cash settlement) on a specific date.
In contrast, stock investment represents your ownership of the company’s future income and profit. Stock investors can hold their investment for as long as they want. Futures expire, but stocks don’t. Hence, the time factor is crucial in futures trading.
What are Futures Markets and Types of Futures?
Futures markets offer diverse financial and commodity-based futures for trading, encompassing indices, currencies, debt instruments, energy resources, metals, and agricultural products. Below are some common types of futures contracts (not an exhaustive list):
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Financial Futures:
These include index and interest rate contracts. Index futures provide exposure to the performance of specific market indices, while interest rate futures allow trading based on the interest rates of debt instruments.
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Currency Futures:
Currency futures enable traders to speculate on the exchange rates of fiat or digital currencies.
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Energy Futures:
These contracts link investors to the prices of widely used energy commodities such as oil and gas, vital for manufacturing, transportation, and personal consumption.
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Metal Futures:
Traders can speculate on metals used in industries like manufacturing and construction (e.g., gold in electronics or steel in housing).
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Livestock Futures:
These contracts involve pricing live animals essential for meat production and distribution.
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Grain Futures:
Covering grains like corn and soybeans, these contracts address raw materials for animal feed, ethanol production, and other processed goods.
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Food and Fiber Futures:
Often referred to as "softs," these contracts provide exposure to prices of cultivated agricultural products and dairy goods.
How to Trade Futures?
Investors in India can trade in futures on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Let us see how to trade in futures in India.
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Understand thoroughly how futures and options work: Futures are complex financial instruments and are different from other tools, such as stocks and mutual funds. Trading in futures can prove to be a challenge for an individual investing in stocks for the first time. If you want to start trading in futures, you need to know how futures work, as well as the risks and costs associated with it.
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Assess risk appetite: While all of us want to make profits in the markets, one can also lose money in futures trading. Before you get into how to invest in futures, it is essential to know your risk appetite. You should know how much money you can afford to lose and if losing the amount will affect your lifestyle.
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Determine your approach to trading: It is important to decide one’s strategy to future trading. You may want to buy futures based on your understanding and research. You may also hire an expert to help you with the same.
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Practice with a simulated trading account: Once you have understood how to trade in futures, you can try and practice the same on a simulated trading account, which is available online. This will enable you to have first-hand practical experience on how future markets work. This makes you better at trading in futures without making any actual investments.
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Open a trading account: To start trading in futures, you need to open a trading account. Do a thorough background check before opening a trading account. You also need to inquire about the fees. While investing in futures, it is important for you to select a trading account that suits you best.
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Arrange for the margin money requirement: Future contracts require one to deposit some amount of margin money as security, which can be between 10-20 percent of the contract size. Once you know how to buy futures, it is essential to arrange for the margin money required. In contrast, when you purchase shares in the cash segment, you have to pay the entire value of the shares purchased, unless you are a day trader.
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Deposit the margin money: The next step is to pay the margin money to the broker, who in turn will deposit it with the exchange. The exchange holds the money for the entire period you hold your contract. If the margin money goes up during that period, you will have to pay extra margin money.
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Place buy/sell orders with the broker: You can then place your order with your broker. Placing an order with a broker is similar to buying a stock. You will have to let the broker know the size of the contract, the number of contracts you want, the contract price, and the expiration date. Brokers will provide you with the option to select from various contracts available, and you can choose from them.
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Settle future contracts: Finally, you need to settle the future contracts. This can be done on expiry or before the date of expiry. A settlement is nothing but the delivery obligations associated with a futures contract. While in some cases, such as agricultural products, physical delivery is done, when it comes to an equity index and interest rate futures, delivery takes place in terms of cash paid. Future contracts can be settled on the expiration date or before the expiration date.
Futures Trading vs. Options Trading: Key Differences
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Factors |
Futures Trading |
Options Trading |
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Definition |
When two parties enter a contract to buy or sell an asset at pre-decided price with delivery on a specific future date, irrespective of the market rate on that day, it is called futures trading. |
When the buyer may or may not take delivery of an asset he has bought before the day of expiry, it is option trading. |
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Obligation |
Sellers and buyers are both obligated to honour the futures contract before the day of expiry. |
The buyer can choose to fulfil the contract; in that case, the seller is obligated to do so too. |
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Risk to Reward |
Potential losses and gains can be substantial. Both buyers and sellers face significant risk from price movements, with losses theoretically unlimited for short positions. |
Options trading has risk limited to the money paid upfront in the trade. Profit is completely dependent on price action. |
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Margin Requirement |
Futures trading needs more capital since brokers ask for a bigger margin. |
Limited risk exposure of options trading makes it less capital-intensive. |
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Objective |
Predominantly used for hedging in commodities and financial markets |
Typically used for booking profits by hedging in premiums. |
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Settlement |
Settlement must happen before or on the day of expiry. It usually happens in cash or physical delivery of goods. |
Settlement can be opted out of or done before on day of expiry. |
How to Start Futures Trading with Angel One
Any trader looking to start futures trading on Angel One, must open a trading account and opt for the F&O option. The entire process is online and fairly straightforward. Visit the Angel One portal, complete all mandatory Know Your Customer (KYC) verification, and upload relevant documents like Aadhar Card, PAN Card, and Bank account details. Upon verification, Angel One will activate F&O trading on your demat account.
Follow these simple steps to open an F&O account. Once your account is running, head to the futures trading page in your Angel One account. This will give you an overview of all live contracts, margin requirements, and a section to enter or exit F&O options.
Example of Future Trading
Let us take an example to understand futures trading basics. Suppose you have purchased a lot of XYZ stock futures consisting of 200 shares with an expiration date of August 25 for ₹200. You’ve paid the margin amount and placed an order with the broker. On August 25, let us assume that XYZ stock is trading for ₹240. You can then exercise the contract by purchasing 200 shares at ₹200 and making a profit of ₹40 on each share. Your profit will be ₹8,000 minus the margin money paid. The money you have earned will then be deposited in your account after deducting commissions and fees. If you have made a loss, then that amount is deducted from your cash account. When you go for settlement before the expiry date, your gains and losses are calculated after they are adjusted against the margins you have paid.
Futures trading can turn out to be profitable, but one needs to take precautions to limit the exposure to risk and maximise returns. Also, trading in futures requires a lot of knowledge and experience, so a beginner should tread with caution.